Indian Constitution - Cheat Sheet For Jkssb & SSC (JkssbPrep)

🏛️ Basic Facts

• Adopted: 26 November 1949
• Came into force: 26 January 1950
• Total Articles: 448 (originally 395)
• Total Parts: 25 (originally 22)
• Total Schedules: 12 (originally 8)
• Words: ~145,000 (longest written constitution)
• Drafting Committee Chairman: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
• Drafting time: 2 years, 11 months, 18 days

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📑 Important Parts

Part	Articles	Subject
I	1-4	Union & its Territory
II	5-11	Citizenship
III	12-35	Fundamental Rights
IV	36-51	DPSP
IVA	51A	Fundamental Duties
V	52-151	Union Government
VI	152-237	State Governments
VIII	343-351	Languages
IX	324-329	Elections
XIV	308-323	Services
XVI	330-342	Special Provisions
XX	368	Amendment Procedure

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🎯 Key Articles (Top 50 for JKSSB)

Union & Territory

• Art 1: India - Union of States
• Art 2: Admission of new states
• Art 3: Formation of new states
• Art 4: Laws for territorial changes

Citizenship

• Art 5-11: Citizenship provisions

Fundamental Rights (12-35)

• Art 14: Equality before law
• Art 15: Prohibition of discrimination
• Art 16: Equality in public employment
• Art 17: Abolition of untouchability
• Art 19: Six freedoms (originally 7)
  1. Speech & expression
  2. Assembly
  3. Association
  4. Movement
  5. Residence
  6. Profession 7. Property (deleted by 44th Amendment)
• Art 20: Protection in criminal cases
• Art 21: Right to life & personal liberty
• Art 21A: Right to education (6-14 years)
• Art 22: Protection against arrest
• Art 23: Prohibition of trafficking
• Art 24: Child labour prohibition
• Art 25-28: Right to religion
• Art 29-30: Cultural & educational rights
• Art 32: Constitutional remedies (Dr. Ambedkar called it "Heart & Soul")

DPSP (36-51)

• Art 39A: Free legal aid
• Art 40: Village Panchayats
• Art 41: Right to work
• Art 43A: Participation in management
• Art 44: Uniform Civil Code
• Art 45: Early childhood care (0-6 years)
• Art 48: Agriculture & animal husbandry
• Art 48A: Environment protection
• Art 51: International peace

Fundamental Duties (51A)

• 11 duties (originally 10, 11th added by 86th Amendment)

Union Executive

• Art 52: President of India
• Art 53: Executive power of Union
• Art 54: Election of President
• Art 61: Impeachment of President
• Art 63: Vice President
• Art 72: President's pardoning power
• Art 74: Council of Ministers
• Art 75: PM & Council of Ministers
• Art 76: Attorney General
• Art 78: PM's duties to President

Parliament

• Art 79: Constitution of Parliament
• Art 80: Composition of Rajya Sabha (max 250)
• Art 81: Composition of Lok Sabha (max 552)
• Art 83: Duration (5 years)
• Art 110: Money Bill
• Art 112: Annual Financial Statement (Budget)
• Art 123: Ordinance by President

Judiciary

• Art 124: Supreme Court establishment
• Art 126: Acting Chief Justice
• Art 129: SC as court of record
• Art 131: Original jurisdiction
• Art 132-136: Appellate jurisdiction
• Art 137: Review
• Art 141: Law declared by SC binding
• Art 143: Advisory jurisdiction
• Art 147: Interpretation of Constitution
• Art 148: CAG (Comptroller & Auditor General)

State Executive

• Art 153: Governor
• Art 154: Executive power of State
• Art 163: Council of Ministers
• Art 165: Advocate General
• Art 166: Conduct of government business

State Legislature

• Art 168: Constitution of Legislature
• Art 170: Composition of Assemblies
• Art 171: Legislative Councils
• Art 172: Duration (5 years)
• Art 200: Assent to Bills
• Art 201: Bills reserved for President
• Art 213: Ordinance by Governor

High Courts

• Art 214: High Courts
• Art 226: Writ jurisdiction
• Art 227: Superintendence over subordinate courts

J&K Special Provisions

• Art 370: Special status (Abrogated 5 Aug 2019)
• Art 371: Special provisions for other states

Elections

• Art 324: Election Commission
• Art 325: Universal adult suffrage
• Art 326: Adult suffrage (18+ years)

Amendment

• Art 368: Amendment procedure

Emergency

• Art 352: National Emergency
• Art 356: State Emergency (President's Rule)
• Art 360: Financial Emergency

Languages

• Art 343: Official language (Hindi in Devanagari)
• Art 344: Commission on official language
• Art 351: Development of Hindi

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📊 Important Schedules

Schedule	Subject	Articles
1st	States & UTs	Art 1, 4
2nd	Emoluments (Salaries)	Art 59, 65, 75, 97, 125, 148, 158, 164, 186, 221
3rd	Forms of Oaths	Art 75, 84, 99, 124, 146, 173, 188
4th	Rajya Sabha seats allocation	Art 4, 80
5th	PESA - Scheduled Areas	Art 244
6th	Tribal areas (NE)	Art 244, 275
7th	Distribution of Powers	Art 246
8th	22 Languages	Art 344, 351
9th	Land reforms & other laws	Art 31B
10th	Anti-defection	Art 102, 191
11th	Panchayat powers (29 items)	Art 243G
12th	Municipal powers (18 items)	Art 243W

7th Schedule - Lists

Union List: 97 subjects (originally 97, now 100+)

• Defence, Foreign Affairs, Railways, Banking, Currency, etc.

State List: 66 subjects (originally 66)

• Police, Public Health, Agriculture, Irrigation, Land, etc.

Concurrent List: 47 subjects (originally 47, now 52)

• Education, Forest, Marriage, Adoption, Electricity, etc.

Residuary Powers: With Union (Art 248)

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🔢 Constitutional Amendments (Important)

Amendment	Year	Key Changes
1st	1951	9th Schedule added, restrictions on FR
7th	1956	States reorganization
24th	1971	Parliament can amend FR, President must give assent
25th	1971	Right to property not a FR
42nd	1976	Mini Constitution - Socialist, Secular, Integrity added; DPSP > FR; 10 FD added; Term extended to 6 years
44th	1978	Right to property became legal right (Art 300A); Emergency provisions modified
52nd	1985	Anti-defection Law (10th Schedule)
61st	1989	Voting age reduced 21→18
73rd	1992	Panchayati Raj (Part IX, 11th Schedule)
74th	1992	Municipalities (Part IXA, 12th Schedule)
86th	2002	Education (6-14) as FR (Art 21A); FD for parents (51A-k)
91st	2003	Defection - size of CoM limited
97th	2011	Co-operative societies (Part IXB)
101st	2016	GST
102nd	2018	NCBC - National Commission for Backward Classes
103rd	2019	10% EWS reservation
104th	2020	Extension of SC/ST reservation in LS & Assemblies
105th	2021	Restore states' power to identify OBCs

Total Amendments till date: 105+

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🎓 Amendment Procedures

Type 1: Simple Majority

• Creation/abolition of Legislative Councils
• Citizenship
• Elections
• Salaries

Type 2: Special Majority (Art 368)

2/3 of present & voting + majority of total strength

• Most amendments
• Fundamental Rights
• DPSP
• All provisions not covered in Type 3

Type 3: Special Majority + State Ratification

½ states must ratify

• Election of President
• Extent of executive power (Union/State)
• Supreme Court & High Courts
• Distribution of legislative powers
• Art 368 itself
• Representation of states in Parliament

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🏆 Important Concepts

Writs (Art 32 & 226)

1. Habeas Corpus: Produce the body
2. Mandamus: We command (to public official)
3. Prohibition: Prevent lower court from exceeding jurisdiction
4. Certiorari: To be certified (quash order of lower court)
5. Quo Warranto: By what authority? (holding public office)

Parliamentary Privileges

• Freedom of speech
• Immunity from court proceedings
• Right to publish debates
• Right to exclude strangers
• Right to punish for contempt

Doctrines

• Doctrine of Pleasure: Art 310 (civil servants hold office during President's/Governor's pleasure)
• Doctrine of Pith & Substance: Determine which list a law belongs to
• Doctrine of Colorable Legislation: Legislature cannot do indirectly what it cannot do directly
• Doctrine of Eclipse: Pre-constitution laws inconsistent with FR are eclipsed, not dead

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📈 Numerical Data

President

• Term: 5 years
• Re-election: Unlimited times
• Qualification: Age 35+, qualified for LS
• Electoral College value = $\frac{\text{Total elected MLAs}}{\text{Total elected MPs}}$

Parliament

• Lok Sabha: Max 552 (530 states + 20 UTs + 2 Anglo-Indians*)
  • *Abolished by 104th Amendment
• Rajya Sabha: Max 250 (238 elected + 12 nominated)
• Quorum: 1/10 of total strength
• Money Bill: Only in Lok Sabha
• RS delay on Money Bill: 14 days
• RS delay on ordinary bill: 6 months

Supreme Court

• Judges: 1 CJI + 33 judges (originally 7)
• Retirement age: 65 years
• Minimum for quorum: 5 judges

High Court

• Retirement age: 62 years

CAG

• Term: 6 years or 65 years (whichever earlier)

Attorney General

• Term: At President's pleasure
• Qualification: Qualified to be SC judge

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🗳️ Elections & Representation

Reservation in LS & Assemblies

• SC: In proportion to population
• ST: In proportion to population
• Duration: Extended till 2030 (104th Amendment)

Women Reservation

• 33% reservation: Passed in 2023, implementation pending

Voting Age

• Current: 18 years (61st Amendment, 1989)
• Original: 21 years

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🌟 Sources of Indian Constitution

1. Government of India Act 1935 - Federal scheme, Judiciary, Governors, Emergency, PSC
2. British Constitution - Parliamentary system, Rule of law, Single citizenship
3. US Constitution - Fundamental Rights, Judicial Review, Independence of Judiciary, Preamble
4. Irish Constitution - DPSP, Nomination of RS members
5. Australian Constitution - Concurrent list, Freedom of trade
6. Canadian Constitution - Federation with strong center, Residuary powers
7. Soviet Constitution - Fundamental Duties, Social, Economic & Political Justice
8. French Constitution - Republic, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
9. German Constitution - Emergency provisions
10. South African Constitution - Amendment procedure, Election of RS members

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🎯 Quick Revision Points

Preamble Keywords

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA

• SOVEREIGN
• SOCIALIST (42nd)
• SECULAR (42nd)
• DEMOCRATIC
• REPUBLIC

Objectives:

• JUSTICE (Social, Economic, Political)
• LIBERTY (Thought, Expression, Belief, Faith, Worship)
• EQUALITY (Status, Opportunity)
• FRATERNITY (Dignity of Individual, Unity & INTEGRITY*)
  • *Integrity added by 42nd Amendment

Important Committees

• Drafting Committee: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (Chairman)
• Union Powers Committee: Jawaharlal Nehru
• Provincial Constitution Committee: Sardar Patel
• Fundamental Rights Committee: Sardar Patel
• Union Constitution Committee: Jawaharlal Nehru
• States Committee: Jawaharlal Nehru
• Steering Committee: Dr. Rajendra Prasad

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💡 Must Remember for JKSSB

✅ Part III - All FR articles (12-35) ✅ Part IV - Key DPSP (36-51) ✅ Part IVA - 11 Fundamental Duties (51A) ✅ 7th Schedule - 3 Lists ✅ 8th Schedule - 22 Languages (know first & last added) ✅ 10th Schedule - Anti-defection ✅ All writs with meanings ✅ Amendment types (Simple, Special, Special+Ratification) ✅ 42nd Amendment (Mini Constitution) ✅ 73rd & 74th Amendments (Panchayati Raj & Municipalities) ✅ Art 370 - J&K special status (abrogated) ✅ Emergency provisions (352, 356, 360)

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📝 Formula & Numbers

President's Electoral College: $\text{Value of MLA vote} = \frac{\text{Total population of state}}{\text{Total elected MLAs}} \times \frac{1}{1000}$

$\text{Value of MP vote} = \frac{\text{Total value of all MLAs' votes}}{\text{Total elected MPs}}$

Quorum: $\frac{1}{10}$ of total members

Impeachment of President:

• Charge: $\frac{1}{4}$ of total members
• Investigation: $\frac{2}{3}$ of total members

Constitutional Amendment (Special Majority):

• $\frac{2}{3}$ of members present & voting
• Majority of total strength

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All the best for JKSSB! 🎯🇮🇳